Elevated neutrophyl-to-lymphocyte ratioand smoking are associated with chronic total occlusion in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease characterized by the build-up of lipids and connective tissue in the large arteries. Some patients experience chronic total occlusion (CTO). Inflammation plays a key role in the development and complications of atherosclerosis. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a marker of systemic inflammation associated with the development of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We aimed to assess the relationship between NLR and CTO in ACS patients with ST elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) in Indonesia. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed with secondary data obtained from patient medical records at Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central Hospital, Jakarta. Inclusion criteria were patients with ACS and STEMI who underwent coronary angiography in 2015-2018. RESULTS: A total of 98 patients were enrolled in the analysis. Most subjects with CTO were male, elderly (> 60), smoking, had no history of diabetes mellitus (DM) or hypertension, no family history of coronary heart disease (CHD), but had a history of ACS and had never consumed statin or antiplatelet medications. Bivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that male gender (PR = 1.820; 95%CI 0.871-3.805; p = 0.025) and smoking (PR = 1.781; 95%CI 1.028-3.086; p = 0.004) were significantly correlated with CTO. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve revealed that higher NLR (≥ 6.42) could predict a CTO diagnosis with positive predictive value (PPV) of 91%. Multivariate analysis revealed that NLR was correlated with an 11.2-fold increase in occurrence of CTO (95%CI 3.250-38.303; p < 0.001). Additionally, smoking was correlated with a 7-fold increase in CTO (95% CI 1.791-30.508; p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: NLR value of ≥ 6.42 is potentially useful as a marker of CTO in STEMI patients. In addition, smoking increases the risk of CTO in ACS/STEMI patients.

Validity and reliability studies of the Indonesian version of Atrial Fibrillation Severity Scale (AFSS).

BACKGROUND: In the atrial fibrillation (AF) population, worsened quality of life (QOL) has been reported even before complications occur. Symptom-based questionnaires can be used to evaluate AF treatment. The Atrial Fibrillation Severity Scale (AFSS) was first developed in Canada in English, which is not the main language in Indonesia. This study aims to test the reliability and validity of the Indonesian version of the Atrial Fibrillation Severity Scale (AFSS). METHODS: Translation of the AFSS from English to Indonesian was done using forward and backward translation. The final version was then validated with the Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire, and a test-retest reliability study was done in a 7-14-day interval. RESULTS: An Indonesian version of AFSS was achieved and deemed acceptable by a panel of researchers. This version is reliable and valid, with Cronbach's α of 0.819, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) ranging from 0.803 to 0.975, and total score correlation ranging from 0.333 to 0.895. Pearson's analysis of AFSS and SF-36 revealed that the total AF burden domain was poorly correlated with role limitations due to emotional problems (r:0.427; p < 0.01) and pain (r:0.495; p < 0.01). The symptom severity domain was poorly correlated with physical functioning (r:-0.335; p < 0.01), role limitations due to emotional problems (r:0.499; p < 0.01), pain (r:0.458; p < 0.01), and total SF-36 score (r:-0.361; p < 0.01). Total AFSS score was moderately correlated with role limitations due to emotional problems (r:0.516; p < 0.01) and pain (r:0.538; p < 0.01). The total AFSS score was poorly correlated with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) score (r:0.315; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The Indonesian version of AFSS has good internal and external validity with good reliability.

Efficacy and Safety of Clopidogrel in the Prevention of Primary Failure of Arteriovenous Fistula in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Arteriovenous fistula (FAV) is the most widely used vascular access for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing routine hemodialysis in Indonesia. However, FAV can become dysfunctional before it is used for the initiation of hemodialysis, a condition known as primary failure. Clopidogrel is an anti-platelet aggregation that has been reported to reduce the incidence of primary failure in FAV compared to other anti-platelet aggregation agents. Through this systematic review, we aimed to assess the role of clopidogrel to the incidence of primary FAV failure and the risk of bleeding in ESRD patients. METHODS: A literature search was carried out to obtain randomized Control Trial studies conducted since 1987 from Medline / Pubmed, EbscoHost, Embase, Proquest, Scopus, and Cochrane Central without language restrictions. Risk of bias assessment was performed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 application. RESULTS: All of the three studies involved indicated the benefit of clopidogrel for the prevention of AVF primary failure. However, all of the studies have substantial differences. Abacilar's study included only participants with diabetes mellitus. This study also administered a combination of clopidogrel 75 mg and prostacyclin 200 mg/day, while Dember's study gave an initial dose of clopidogrel 300 mg followed by daily dose 75 mg and Ghorbani's study only gave clopidogrel 75 mg/day. Ghorbani and Abacilar started the intervention 7-10 days before AVF creation, while Dember started 1 day after VAF creation. Dember gave treatment for 6 weeks with an assessment of primary failure at the end of week 6, Ghorbani's treatment lasted for 6 weeks with an assessment at week 8, while Abacilar gave treatment for one year with an assessment at weeks 4 after AVF creation. In addition, the prevalence of bleeding did not differ between the treatment and control groups. CONCLUSION: Clopidogrel can reduce the incidence of primary FAV failure without significant increase of bleeding events.

Harmonising Individual Patient Level Cardiac Registry Data Across the Asia Pacific Region-A Feasibility Study of In-Hospital Outcomes of STEMI Patients From the Asia Pacific Evaluation of Cardiovascular Therapies (ASPECT) Network.

OBJECTIVE: The Asia-Pacific Evaluation of Cardiovascular Therapies (ASPECT) collaboration was established to inform on percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the Asia-Pacific Region. Our aims were to (i) determine the operational requirements to assemble an international individual patient dataset and validate the processes of governance, data quality and data security, and subsequently (ii) describe the characteristics and outcomes for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing PCI in the ASPECT registry. METHODS: Seven (7) ASPECT members were approached to provide a harmonised anonymised dataset from their local registry. Patient characteristics were summarised and associations between the characteristics and in-hospital outcomes for STEMI patients were analysed. RESULTS: Six (6) participating sites (86%) provided governance approvals for the collation of individual anonymised patient data from 2015 to 2017. Five (5) sites (83%) provided >90% of agreed data elements and 68% of the collated elements had <10% missingness. From the registry (n=12,620), 84% were male. The mean age was 59.2±12.3 years. The Malaysian cohort had a high prevalence of previous myocardial infarction (34%), almost twice that of any other sites (p<0.001). Adverse in-hospital outcomes were the lowest in Hong Kong whilst in-hospital mortality varied from 2.7% in Vietnam to 7.9% in Singapore. CONCLUSIONS: Governance approvals for the collation of individual patient anonymised data was achieved with a high level of data alignment. Secure data transfer process and repository were established. Patient characteristics and presentation varied significantly across the Asia-Pacific region with this likely to be a major predictor of variations in the clinical outcomes observed across the region.

Regional differences in percutaneous coronary intervention outcomes in STEMI patients with diabetes: The Asia-Pacific evaluation of cardiovascular therapies (ASPECT) collaboration.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is associated with poorer outcomes and increased complication rates in STEMI patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Data are notably lacking in the Asia-Pacific region. We report the overall association of Diabetes with clinical characteristics and outcomes in STEMI patients undergoing PCI across the Asia-Pacific, with a particular focus on regional differences. METHODOLOGY: The Asia Pacific Evaluation of Cardiovascular Therapies (ASPECT) collaboration consists of data from various PCI registries across Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam. Clinical characteristics, lesion characteristics, and outcomes were provided for STEMI patients. Key outcomes included 30-day overall mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). RESULTS: A total of 12,144 STEMI patients (mean(SD) age 59.3(12.3)) were included, of which 3912 (32.2%) had diabetes. Patients with diabetes were likely to have a higher baseline risk profile, poorer clinical presentation, and more complex lesion patterns (all p < 0.05). Across all regions, patients with diabetes had a higher rate of 30-day mortality and MACE (all p < 0.05). After multivariable adjustment, diabetes was significantly associated with both increased 30-day mortality (9.6%vs 5.5%, OR 1.79 [95% CI 1.40-2.30]) and MACE (13.3% vs 8.6%, R 1.73 [1.44-2.08]). The association between diabetes and 30-day MACE varied by region (pinteraction = 0.041), with the association (OR) ranging from 1.34 [1.08-1.67] in Malaysia, to 2.39 [1.66-3.45] in Singapore. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes portends poorer clinical outcomes in STEMI patients undergoing PCI in the Asia-Pacific with regional variations noted. The development of effective preventative measures and interventional strategies targetted at this high-risk group is crucial.

Autologous intraarterial pancreatic bone-marrow mononuclear cells infusion in T2D patients: Changes on beta-cells function, insulin resistance, and inflammatory marker.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a progressive disease. Many drugs currently being used for the management of T2D have minimal effect on pancreatic beta cells regeneration. Cell-based therapies might provide potential benefits in this aspect. METHODS: A pilot study in five T2D patients with 12 months follow-up was performed to evaluate the effect of autologous bone marrow mononuclear stem cells (BM-MNCs) infusion into pancreatic arteries on the insulin requirement, beta-cell function, insulin resistance, and systemic inflammatory marker (CRP). RESULTS: The primary endpoint, a 50 % reduction of total insulin doses from baseline, was not achieved in this study. However, a trend of increasing fasting C-peptide (p = 0.07) and C-peptide 60' (p = 0.07) and 90' (p = 0.07) after a mixed-meal tolerance test was observed 12 months post-infusion compared to baseline levels. A similar result was observed for the homeostatic model assessment of beta cell function (HOMA1-B), an index for beta cell function. No improvement was observed for insulin resistance measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA1-IR) and systemic inflammatory parameter. CONCLUSION: Intraarterial pancreatic autologous BM-MNCs infusion might potentially improve beta cell function in T2D patients, although further study is needed to confirm this finding.

The Relationship Between fragmented QRS Complexes (fQRS) and the Severity of Coronary Artery Lesion in Coronary Artery Disease: A Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The severity of coronary artery lesion is commonly used as a predictor of mortality, major adverse cardiovascular event, and revascularization in coronary artery disease (CAD). Fragmented QRS complex (fQRS) is used as a marker of myocardial ischemia in patients with CAD. The relationship between the two should be studied further. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between fQRS and the severity of coronary lesion in patients with CAD. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta. Secondary data were taken from 172 patients with CAD who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) from January to June 2018 with total sampling. Patients were divided into two groups based on the existence of fQRS. Demographic, clinical, and corangiography characteristics (Gensini score, total vascular lesion, and vascular lesion significance) were studied. Data were analyzed using agreement test and chi-square. RESULTS: fQRS was present in 94 subjects (54.6%). Bivariate analysis showed a significant difference between fQRS with mild-moderate Gensini score as well as mild-severe Gensini score (kappa = 0.721 and 0.820; p<0.001), fQRS with significant CAD (kappa = 0.670; p<0.001), and fQRS with multivessel CAD (kappa = 0.787; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: There is a significant relationship between fQRS and the degree of severity of coronary lesion in CAD patients.

Cytomegalovirus may influence vascular endothelial health in Indonesian HIV-infected patients after 5 years on ART.

OBJECTIVES: Accelerated atherosclerosis in older HIV-infected patients has been attributed to persistent immune activation and high burden cytomegalovirus (CMV), as demonstrated in transplant recipients and the general population. Here we assess CMV and inflammatory markers linked with vascular health in young adult patients treated in Indonesia. STUDY DESIGN: HIV-infected adults (n = 32) were examined when they began antiretroviral therapy (ART) with < 200 CD4 T-cells/µl (V0) and after 60 months (V60). Age-matched healthy controls (HC, n = 32) were assessed once. METHODS: Flow Mediated Dilatation (FMD) was assessed by ultrasound on brachial arteries at V60 and in HC. Plasma markers of immune activation and endothelial activation, and CMV antibodies (lysate, gB, IE-1) were assessed in all samples. Results were assessed using bivariate (non-parametric) and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: Levels of inflammatory biomarkers and CMV antibodies declined on ART, but the antibodies remained higher than in HC. FMD values were similar in patients and HC at V60. In HIV patients, levels of CMV lysate antibody correlated inversely (r = - 0.37) with FMD. The optimal model predicting lower FMD values (adjusted R2 = 0.214, p = 0.012) included CMV lysate antibodies and chondroitin sulphate. In HC, levels of sTNFR correlated inversely with FMD (r = - 0.41) and remained as a risk factor in the optimal multivariable model, with CMV glycoprotein-B (gB) antibody predicting a healthier FMD (adjusted R2 = 0.248, p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels CMV antibodies optimally predict vascular health measured by FMD in HIV patients. However in healthy controls, sTNFR marks risk and CMV gB antibody may be protective.

The Importance of Selecting Permanent Pacemaker, Evaluating the Heart and Assessing Quality of Life in Cardiac Patient.

The use of pacemakers is necessary for patients with symptomatic bradycardia. Pacemaker implantation also acts as a life-saving procedure. However, there are several reports that patients with a pacemaker (the most widely used pacemaker is on the right ventricle, known as single chamber pacemaker) had disturbances in left ventricle contraction lead to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) Echocardiography can confirm these left ventricular disturbances. Echocardiography examination is best carried out before and after single-chamber PPM implantation. This study compares PPM placement in apical Right Ventricle (RV) and Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (RVOT) and compares paced QRS duration 150 ms and > 150 ms. Pacing burden >40% causes subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction after a month of PPM implantation with decreased GLS in apical RV pacing.This study gives additional information that PPM placement is preferably in RVOT with some specific settings. However, there are many ways to reduce the effects of impaired left ventricular function due to lead installation on the PPM single-chamber device. By using the PPM device which has a dual chamber, the leads will be placed in RVOT and also in the right atrium with atrial-ventricle synchronization. The aim is to avoid impaired left ventricular pump function as supported by a systematic review which states the superiority of dual-chamber PPM over single-chamber PPM in reducing atrial fibrillation and pacemaker syndrome. In the importance of quality of life related to heart disease, the Indonesian version of the MacNew questionnaire can be used. This questionnaire seeks the quality of life of patients with coronary heart disease after revascularization surgery and has undergone rehabilitation. Another important thing is the suitability of the adaptation to the original English version.

The association between 24-h blood pressure variability and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in hospitalized patients with acute myocardial infarction: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is major cardiovascular disease that causes high morbidity and mortality. In AMI, ischemia and necrosis affected some cardiomyocytes leading to a decrease in myocardial contractility which is followed by an acute proinflammation reaction and increased sympathetic tone. Meanwhile, high blood pressure variability (BPV) causing an increased left ventricular workload, heart rate, myocardial oxygen demand and induces proinflamations and endothelial dysfunction. Therefore a high BPV and its associated pathological effects are likely to aggravate the physiological function of the heart and affect the emergence of acute cardiac complications in AMI patients. This study aims to investigate the association's between short-term BPV and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in AMI patients. This retrospective cohort study used simple random sampling to identify AMI patients who were hospitalized at Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital between January 2018 and December 2019. Mann Withney was performed to investigate the association between BPV and MACE. RESULTS: The average systolic BPV value which was calculated as standard deviation (SD) and average real variability (ARV) was higher in the MACE group than in the non-MACE group. Systolic SD and systolic ARV in the MACE group were 13.28 ± 5.41 mmHg and 9.88 ± 3.81 mmHg respectively. In the non-MACE group, systolic SD and systolic ARV were 10.76 (4.59-26.17) mmHg and 8.65 (3.22-19.35) mmHg respectively. There was no significant association between BPV and MACE. However, there were significant differences between systolic SD and systolic ARV in patients with hypertension who experienced MACE and patients without hypertension who experienced MACE. CONCLUSIONS: The BPV of AMI patients who experience MACE was higher than that of non-MACE AMI patients. There was no significant association between BPV ​​and MACE during the acute phase of AMI.

Autologous Bone-Marrow vs. Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Therapy for Peripheral Artery Disease in Diabetic Patients.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains one of the most important risk factors for peripheral artery disease (PAD), with approximately 20% of DM patients older than 40 years old are affected with PAD. The current standard management for severe PAD is endovascular intervention with or without surgical bypass. Unfortunately, up to 40% of patients are unable to undergo these revascularization therapies due to excessive surgical risk or adverse vascular side effects. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy for these 'no-option' patients. Several types of stem cells are utilized for PAD therapy, including bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC). Many studies have reported the safety of BMMNC and PBMNC, as well as its efficacy in reducing ischemic pain, ulcer size, pain-free walking distance, ankle-brachial index (ABI), and transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2). However, the capacity to establish the efficacy of reducing major amputation rates, amputation free survival, and all-cause mortality is limited, as shown by several randomized placebo-controlled trials. The present literature review will focus on comparing safety and efficacy between BMMNC and PBMNC as cell-based management in diabetic patients with PAD who are not suitable for revascularization therapy.

Periodontitis and Cytomegalovirus Associate With Atherosclerosis Among HIV Patients After 5 Years on ART.

OBJECTIVES: Atherosclerosis has been linked with periodontitis in the general population and with persistent immune activation and a high burden of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in HIV patients responding to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Here, we assess risk factors for cardiovascular changes in younger HIV patients representative of patient populations in Asia. STUDY DESIGN: HIV-infected adults (n = 82) with <200 CD4 T-cells/µl were examined as they began ART at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, and after 3 months. 32 patients were re-assessed after 5 years, alongside 32 age-matched healthy controls. METHODS: We assessed the community periodontal index of treatment needs, carotid -thickness (cIMT), plasma markers of immune activation (using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and CMV antibodies by in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Periodontitis persisted in 16/32 patients after 5 years and was potentiated by greater age (P = 0.03) and poor oral hygiene (P = 0.05), with no effect of smoking, pulmonary tuberculosis, oral candidiasis, or low CD4 T-cell counts (P > 0.05). After 5 years on ART, right and left cIMT were greater in HIV patients with periodontitis (P = 0.02, 0.006, respectively). Moreover, cIMT values were higher in patients with periodontitis (P = 0.05-0.01) than in equivalent controls. Simple linear regressions showed that patients with periodontitis had greater right (P = 0.01) and left (P = 0.004) cIMT than those without periodontitis. Multiple linear regressions showed that periodontitis and CMV antibody levels optimally predicted poor right and left cIMT (Adjusted R = 0.36, P = 0.0013; Adjusted R = 0.40, P = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our data identify periodontitis and CMV as independent predictors of atherosclerosis in young adult HIV patients.

Predictors of 30-day Mortality in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) Patients.

BACKGROUND: to identify other factors other than the TIMI scores that can be used as predictors of 30-day mortality in STEMI patients by including variables of left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) and glomerulus filtration rate (GFR) at Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital. METHODS: a retrospective cohort study was conducted in 487 STEMI patients who were hospitalized at RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo between 2004 and 2013. Sample size was calculated using the rule of thumbs formula. Data were obtained from medical records and analyzed with bivariate and multivariate method using Cox's Proportional Hazard Regression Model. Subsequently, a new scoring system was developed to predict 30-day mortality rate in STEMI patients. Calibration and discrimination features of the new model were assessed using Hosmer-Lemeshow test and area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS: bivariate and multivariate analyses showed that only two variables in the new score system model were statistically significant, i.e. the Killip class II to IV and GFR with a range of total score between 0 and 4.6. Thirty-day mortality risk stratification for STEMI patient included high, moderate and low risks. The risk was considered high when the total score was >3.5 (46.5%). It was considered moderate if the total score was between 2.5 and 3.5 (23.2%) and low if the total score was <2.5 (5.95%). Both variables of the score had satisfactory calibration (p > 0.05) and discrimination (AUC 0.816 (0.756-0.875; CI 95%). CONCLUSION: There are two new score variables that can be used as predictors of 30-day mortality risks for STEMI patients, i.e. the Killip class and GFR with satisfactory calibration and discrimination rate.

Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Young Adult Population with First Degree Relatives of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain a leading cause of death globally. The concept of acute myocardial infarction in young adults was uncommon. Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of CVD, including myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure and peripheral artery disease. This condition is initiated early in childhood and progressive in nature. CVD risk factors includes hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity play a role in the development of atherosclerosis and  components in insulin resistance syndrome.One of many risk factors for insulin resistance in healthy individuals is a first-degree relative (FDR) of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients. This group shows a higher risk of insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cells disruption even in adolescence, although they often remains asymptomatic. Clinical manifestations of metabolic disorders and atherosclerosis will appear earlier in the FDR T2DM group who have sedentary lifestyles and obesity, when compared to the non-FDR group. Several studies have attempted to detect metabolic disorders and subclinical atherosclerosis that might occur; therefore an early prevention can be carried out in these high-risk groups.  Unfortunately, factors that affect the onset and the severity of the prospective clinical manifestations from the previous studies remained inconclusive.

The relationship of diabetes, periodontitis and cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients comprise of interaction between traditional and non-traditional risk factors. This interaction is thought to play role in four-times increment of cardiovascular mortality risk in diabetic patients, compared to non-diabetics. Chronic inflammation is known to be one of atherosclerosis non-traditional risk factor and has a role on every phase of atherogenesis. Periodontitis is the most common cause of chronic inflammation in diabetic patient. Both periodontitis and diabetes have detrimental effect on each other in terms of alveolar bone destruction and poor metabolic control, by continuous inflammatory mediator activation. Defect of bacteria elimination ability and monocyte hyper-responsiveness in diabetic patients leads to persistent elevation of systemic inflammatory mediators. This process give rise to prolonged and augmented exposure to inflammatory cytokines. This exposure interacts with traditional risk factor could lead to initiation of endothelial dysfunction, the first phase of atherogenesis.

Carotid intima-media thickness among normoglycemia and normotension first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: Theoretically, first-degree relatives (FDRs) of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are predisposed to have earlier and more severe atherosclerosis than non-FDR due to hereditary insulin resistance. A previous study reported that atherosclerotic plaques were found in 45.2% of young adults FDR of T2DM, but the study did not include non-FDR as control group. The aim of this study was to compare subclinical atherosclerosis (carotid intima-media thickness, CIMT) between FDR of T2DM and non-FDR. Method: This was a cross-sectional study involving 16 FDR subjects and 16 age-sex matched non-FDR subjects, aged 19-40 years, with normal glucose tolerance and no hypertension. Collected data included demographic characteristic, anthropometric measurement (BMI and waist circumference), laboratory analysis (fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile), and CIMT examination (using B-mode ultrasound). Results: The mean of CIMT in the FDR group was higher than that in the non-FDR group (0.44 mm vs 0.38 mm, p=0.005). After adjusting for waist circumference, BMI, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride, CIMT maintained significant difference between FDR and non-FDR subjects. BMI and waist circumference showed moderate correlation with CIMT. Conclusion: CIMT in young adult FDR of T2DM is thicker than that in age-and sex-matched non-FDR population.

The Role of Fragmented QRS (fQRS) As A Predictor of Major Adverse Cardiac Event within 30 days in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: some studies show fragmanted QRS (fQRS) as a marker of myocardial scar, ventricular arrhythmia, ventricular remodelling and worse coronary collaterals flow, which can increase the incidence of major adverse cardiac event (MACE) after infarction. This study aimed to identify the role of fQRS as one of the risk factors for MACE (cardiac death and reinfarction) in acute coronary syndrome patients within 30 days observation. METHODS: a cohort retrospective study was conducted using secondary data of acute coronary syndrome patients at Intensive Cardiac Care Unit Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from July 2015 to October 2017. Multivariate analysis were done by using logistic regression with GRACE score (moderate and high risk), low eGFR (< 60 ml/min), low LVEF (< 40%), diabetes mellitus, age more than 45 years and hypertension as confounding factors. RESULTS: three hundred and fifty three (353) subjects were included. Fragmented QRS was found in 60,9 % subjects. It was more frequent in inferior leads (48.8% ) with mean onset of 34 hours. Major adverse cardiac events were higher in fQRS vs. non-fQRS group (15.8% vs. 5.8 %). Bivariate analysis showed higher probability of 30 days MACE in fQRS group (RR 2.72; 95%CI 1.3 -5.71p=0.08). Multivariate analysis revealed adjusted RR of 2.79 (95% CI: 1.29 - 4.43, p<0.05). Low eGFR was a potential confounder in this study. CONCLUSION: persistent fQRS developed in ACS during hospitalization is an independent predictor of 30 days MACE cardiac death and re-infarction.

Factors Affecting the Health of Retinal Vessels in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients Beginning Anti-Retroviral Therapy.

HIV patients responding to antiretroviral therapy (ART) have a high burden of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and display accelerated cardiovascular change assessed systemically. We assessed the effects of HIV, ART and CMV on retinal artery calibers (RAC), as a non-invasive measure of vasculopathy in HIV patients beginning ART. We analysed 79 HIV patients beginning ART in Jakarta, Indonesia, with a median (range) age of 31 (19-48) years. RAC was assessed using Image J software from fundus photos of both eyes, before ART (V0) and after 3-12 months (V3-V12). CMV DNA and antibodies were assessed. Systemic vascular pathology was assessed by carotid intima media thickness (cIMT). Multivariable models assessed which variables best predicted RAC values at V12. HIV patients had narrower retinal arteries and higher levels of CMV antibodies than healthy controls. RAC decreased over 12 months of ART (p < .0001). Right RAC correlated with CMV IE-1 antibody, while the left RAC at V3 correlated with cIMT. Multivariable models linked RAC at V12 with detectable HIV RNA at V12 and declared use of alcoholic drinks, while a smoking habit was protective. Decreases in RAC in HIV patients responding to ART suggest progressive microvascular change distinct from changes assessed in large vessels. Correlations with CMV IE-1 antibodies suggest the decline in RAC may be accelerated by frequent reactivations of CMV. This may be a feature of severe HIV disease before ART, confirmed by associations with high baseline HIV RNA in multivariable models. Links with alcohol consumption and smoking testify to a complex pattern of modifiable risk factors.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Platelet/Lymphocyte Ratio for Screening Complex Coronary Lesion in Different Age Group of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: with the increasing number of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with complex coronary lesion and the increasing needs of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedures, there is an increasing need for a tool to perform early stratification in high-risk patients, which can be used in daily clinical practice, even at first-line health care facilities setting in Indonesia. It is expected that early stratification of high-risk patients can reduce morbidity and mortality rate in patients with ACS. This study aimed to identify diagnostic accuracy of platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and the optimum cut-off point of PLR as a screening tool for identifying a complex coronary lesion in patients ≤45 and >45 years old. METHODS: this was a retrospective cross-sectional study, conducted at the ICCU of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Data was obtained from medical records of adult patients with ACS who underwent coronary angiography between January 2012 - July 2015. The inclusion criteria were adult ACS patients (aged ≥18 years old), diagnosed with ACS and underwent coronary angiography during hospitalization. Diagnostic accuracy was determined by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR+), and negative likelihood ratio (LR-). The cut-off point was determined using ROC curve. RESULTS: the proportion of ACS patients with complex coronary lesion in our study was 47.2%. The optimum cut-off point in patients aged ≤45 years was 111.06 with sensitivity, specificity, LR+ and LR of 91.3%, 91.9%, 11.27 and 0.09, respectively. The optimum cut-off points in patients aged >45 years was 104.78 with sensitivity, specificity, LR+ and LR of 91.7%, 58.6%, 2.21 and 0.14, respectively. CONCLUSION: the optimum cut-off point for PLR in patients aged ≤ 45 years is 111.06 and for patients with age >45 years is 104.78 with diagnostic accuracy, represented by AUC of 93.9% (p<0.001) and 77.3% (p<0.001), respectively for both age groups.

Galectin-3: a novel biomarker for the prognosis of heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) is still a global burden which carries substantial risk of morbidity and mortality. Thus, appropriate approach of diagnosis and layering the prognosis of HF are of great importance. In this paper we discuss and review a novel biomarker, which is called galectin-3 and already approved by Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) as a prediction tool for HF. Galectin-3, which is secreted by macrophages under the influence of mediators like osteopontin, has been known for its significant role in mediating cardiac fibrosis and inflammation. Numerous studies have shown galectin-3 as a novel prognostic biomarker with high predictive value for cardiovascular mortality and re-hospitalization in HF patients. However, there are also other contradictive studies displayed galectin-3 inferiority against other existed HF prognostic biomarkers like NT-proBNP and ST2. Nevertheless, galectin-3 has some advantages such as more stability and resistance against hemodynamic loading and unloading state, and also it could act as an early indicator of cardiac fibrosis, ventricular remodeling, and renal impairment in HF patients.